STENCILDENT

                        PRESSURE SORE: INTRODUCTION: PRESSURE SORE IS ALSO KNOWN AS:  BED SORE/DECUBITUS ULCER   Trophic ulcer with underlying bone as base Non -mobile ,deep ,punched out ulcer Common in : Old age Tetanus Diabetic  Comatose patient Anemia Emaciated patient BED RIDDEN INDIVIDUAL  SITES: Occiput Heel  Sacrum Scapula Elbow Buttock PREDISPOSING FACTOR: Malnutrition Anemia Excessive sweating Edema Incontinence-skin moist, septic Friction due to foreign body, bed sheet  Superficial bed sore 75%common  Deep bed sore is painless and covered with slough TREATMENT: Change of position in bed Use of water bed ,ripple bed Bed-smooth, free from wrinkles Skin-dry, clean, washed with soap Ripple bed-alternate pressure point pad under bottom sheet of ordinary mattress Urinary incontinence- specialized silicone bed clothes Good nursing ,regular dressing  Good nutrition is necessary Antibiot...

                          TRACHEOSTOMY INTRODUCTION: Tracheostomy is making an opening in anterior wall of trachea and covering it into stoma on skin surface Types:  Emergency tracheostomy, Elective tracheostomy Permanent tracheostomy Mid tracheostomy ideal, commonly used through 2nd and 3rd rings behind isthmus Tracheostomy tubes are made of plastic ,soft ,least irritant and disposable  They have inflatable cuff, should be deflated at regular interval to prevent -tracheal necrosis due to pressure FUNCTIONS: Respiration through alternative pathway in case of obstruction above the stoma Protection of airway from: aspiration of pharyngeal secretion in comatose patient  Blood due to injuries in pharynx ,larynx INDICATION: RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION: Infection- Ludwig angina, Peritonsillar infection Tumor Trauma to larynx, trachea RETAINED SECRETION: (Inability to cough) Comatose patient Painful cough -trauma to ch...

                                    BIOPSY   Biopsy is the removal of tissue from the living organism for the purpose of microscopic examination and diagnosis . Lets first split the word biopsy into 2 halves ,first half BIO- means life/tissue ,second half OPSY -Vision /microscopy. STUDENT CORNER : First lets us understand how to attempt this question better to score maximum marks possible ,so in order to achieve that we need to present our answer also in that order ,draw the table of contents as such below starting with a small introduction to what biopsy is  all about followed by enlisting all the types of biopsy ,highlight all methods available to perform biopsy following which do mention any 2 methods in detail ,for example here I have mentioned about FNAC and TRUCUT biopsy you could also do the same or mention about any other 2 methods  . Coming back to our topic let us now discu...

                    HYPERKALEMIA FAQ(MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION): HYPERKALEMIA also referred to as over potassium in blood . When do we call it over potassium in blood? When potassium levels are as high above 5.5 milliequivalent/liter  . Normally where does this potassium gets stored in our blood ? It gets divided into two components :  a) Intracellular (98%) b)Extracellular (2%):  INTRAVASCULAR SPACE :Between blood vessel and lymphatic  INTERSTITIAL SPACE :Between cell and outside cell. Internal potassium balance:  Is maintained by sodium potassium pump ,for every 3 sodium ions out,2 potassium ions enters into be more precise electrochemical radiant maintains the overall internal balance         Sets resting membrane potential                                👇 Needed for contraction of muscle which i...

 CRUSH SYNDROME  INTRODUCTION : It is due crushing of muscles causing : Extravasation of blood Release of hemoglobin into circulation leading to acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure CAUSES ; Road traffic accident  Earthquake Mining ,industrial accident  Air crash Tension increases in muscle that results in increased ischemic damage  3 days :urine discolored,scanty  Life threatening  EFFECTS : Renal failure  Toxemia,septicemia Gas gangrene  Disability with extensive tissue loss TREATMENT : Tension in muscle compartment is relieved by placing multiple ,parallel,deep incision in limb Mannitol is given to improve urine output Alkalisation of urine is done using sodium citrate /sodium bicarbonate  Hemodialysis is done - life saving procedure  Other measures : Oxygen therapy  Antibiotics Blood transfusion  Bladder catheterization  AIM OF THIS POST : Hello stencildent family ,the title is definitely not a...

  BURNS BURN is a wound in which there is coagulative necrosis of the tissue  Burns never occur at temperature less than 44 degree celsius  Scald is a burn but caused by moist heat  TYPES: 1)THERMAL :-Flame burns,scald burn  2)ELECTRICAL 3)CHEMICAL RULE OF 9 IN BURNS : Pathology of burns are divided into : 1)Local changes: 2)Systemic changes  1)Local changes : Severity of burn Extent of burn Vascular changes Infection SEVERITY OF BURN: Microscopic destruction of the superficial layers of the epidermis Desquamated within few days  No scarring EXTENT OF BURN : Length and width of burn is expressed by percentage of total surface area displaying either 2nd or 3rd degree burn,extent estimated by WALLACE RULE OF NINES  ANATOMIC AREA                                               PERCENTAGE OF BODY SURFACE  Head ,face and neck ...

  PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS ( QUINSY) 1)INTRODUCTION: TONSIL-Subepithelial aggregation of lymphoid tissue which forms a part of waldeyer's ring Its ovoid in shape Situated in lateral wall of oropharynx QUINSY- Collection of pus in peritonsillar space between capsule and superior constrictor muscle 2)ETIOLOGY: As a sequelae of acute tonsillitis De novo  Causative organism :  Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus  Anaerobic organism   3)MECHANISM : One of the crypts or crypta magna gets filled 

  MALIGNANT SKIN TUMORS  1)INTRODUCTION: Skin is outermost coat of human body  Skin act as a protective cover against various insulting agents such as ultraviolet radiation of sunlight 3 malignant skin tumour : Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma 2)PRESENTATION : A)SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: Carcinoma of cell of epidermis ,starts from prickle cell layer and migrate towards the outer surface. May occur in pre-existing lesion of skin: Marjolin ulcer Venous ulcer Leukoplakia Site: Junction of skin and mucous membrane eg(lip,eyelid) It is also seen in mucous membrane lined by stratified squamous epithelium (eg)tongue,mouth Predisposing factors: Scar,ulcer Exposure to sunlight or irradiation Bowen's disease Types: Proliferative Ulcerative  B)BASAL CELL CARCINOMA (RODENT ULCER) Common malignant skin tumors  Slow growing neoplasm Location: Majority of lesion found on face above a line from lobule of ear to angle of mouth Common ...

                      ULCER DEFINITION :  An ulcer is a break in the continuity of covering epithelium ,either skin or mucous membrane due to molecular/cell death. PARTS OF ULCER: MARGIN  EDGE FLOOR BASE DIFFERENT EDGES: SLOPING EDGE- Red and seen in healing ulcer PUNCHED OUT EDGE- Seen in Syphilitic ,trophic ulcer UNDERMINED EDGE- Tuberculosis RAISED AND BEADED EDGE- Rodent ulcer EVERTED- Carcinomatous ulcer BEADED  CLASSIFICATION OF ULCER: C         U              P CLINICAL   ULCER   PATHOLOGICAL                            M                 N          S   MALIGNANT  NONSPECIFIC SPECIFIC        CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION:              ...