STENCILDENT

                       METRONIDAZOLE INTRODUCTION: Antiameobic drug useful in infection caused by protozoa Entamoeba histolytica Its a tissue amoebicidal used for both extraintestinal and intra intestinal amoebiasis Metronidazole belongs to class nitroimidazole which is the first line drug for all forms of amoebiasis They are active against other protozoa ( TRICHONOMAS VAGINALIS, GIARDIA LAMBIA AND ANEROBIC INFECTION) MECHANISM OF ACTION: Metronidazole as a pro drug enter in the organism  Nitro group present in the drug accept electron from ferredoxin  Nitro group converted to highly reactive nitro radical Highly reactive nitro radical damage microbial DNA  Leads to death of organism produce cidal effects PHARMACOKINETICS: ABSORPTION: Orally ,Intravenous, Topical  DISTRIBUTION: Diffuse into tissue METABOLISM: liver EXCRETION: Urine  ADVERSE EFFECT : GASTROINTESTINAL :Nausea,vomiting ,abdominal cramps AL...

                        LUDWIG ANGINA STUDENTS CORNER : HI !my dear stencildent family ,today we will be discussing about a very important topic ,yes its about Ludwig angina here we given a sample as to how you can present this answer when asked first of all do start by listing out table of content ,then move on to describing the surgical anatomy ,reason for Ludwig angina existence and how it gets precipitated ,pathology ,clinical features ,management -surgery point of view and conclude with complications.                         TABLE OF CONTENT : INTRODUCTION SURGICAL ANATOMY ETIOLOGY PRECIPITATAING FACTOR PATHOLOGY CLINICAL FEATURES MANAGEMENT  SURGERY COMPLICATION INTRODUCTIO N: Ludwig angina refers to serious ,potentially life threatening polymicrobial cellulitis of submental ,submandibular region combined with inflammatory edema of mouth Organism commonly i...

                              ODONSETRON  Pro type of anti-emetic drug Controls cancer chemotherapy /radiotherapy ,drug induced vomiting. MECHANISM OF ACTION: It blocks depolarization of 5 HT through 5-HT3 receptor on vagal  afferent in gastro intestinal tract. Cytotoxic drugs/chemotherapy causes cellular damage there by induce vomiting ,thereby release of mediator of 5-HT from intestinal mucosa,activation of vagal afferent in gut and sends emetogenic impulse to NTS. Odonsetron blocks emetogenic impulses both at peripheral and central relay  PHARMACOKINETICS: Oral bio availability :60-70% Eliminated in urine ,faceces SIDE EFFECTS : Headache Mild constipation Rashes  Allergic reaction  CONCLUSION: Hi stencildent family hope you all liked this short notes on odonsetron if it helped you learn then do let me know in the comment section below as this wou...

      REACTIONARY HEMORRHAGE  INTRODUCTION: The term hemorrhage refers to excess loss of blood due to rupture of blood vessel STUDENTS CORNER : Start your answer by giving a short introduction to the topic followed by table of contents ,it can be visa versa to ,under the table of content mention etiology ,precipitating factors, pathophysiology ,clinical features and end it with treatment plan . Now let me give you a mnemonic that I used while preparing in order to remember etiology remember HTC MTC where: H-HYDROCELE SURGERY   T-THYROID SURGERY   C-CHOLECYSTECTOMY  M-MAJOR ABDOMINAL SURGERIES T-TONSILLECTOMY  C-CIRCUMSICION .  To remember precipitating factors the mnemonic as:   PBS ,CVS P(SILENT )  B- BLOOD PRESSURE  S-STRAING   C-CLOT DISLODGEMENT   V- VOMITING  S - SLIPPING OF LIGATURE . Clinical feature CDC TROPHY   C-CYANOSIS  D-DRY FACE,DRY MOUTH   C-COLD CLAMMY SKI...

  NON -STEROIDAL INFLAMMTORY DRUG STUDENTS CORNER: Hello VANAKKAM!,my dear stencildent family members this is a continuation of previous blog on introduction to non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug where in we learnt classification, mechanism of action of NSAID in detail along with a short notes on ASPIRIN if we haven't learnt about it yet then do click on the link to  NSAID -PART 1 learn more. Now lets get inside our content on propionic acid derivative drug-ibuprofen ,acetic acid derivative drug -ketorolac and fenamate derivative mephenamic acid.  PROPIONIC ACID DERIVATIVE : IBUPROFEN Better tolerated alternative to aspirin ,safest NSAID  Antiplatelet  action is short lasting  Weaker anti-inflammatory drug USES: Analgesic ,anti-pyretic Rheumatoid arthritis Tooth extraction(aspirin +codeine) Soft tissue injury ADVERSE EFFECTS : Nausea Vomiting CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Headache ,dizziness, blurring of vision ,rash ,itching  PHARMACOKINETICS AND INTERAC...

  CLAUDICATION PAIN IN LEG WHILE WALKING  INTRODUCTION: Claudio means to limp (Latin word) Crampy pain in muscle seen in limbs  Site of pain depends on site of arterial occlusion Due to arterial occlusion Metabolites -lactic acid Substance p accumulate in muscle and cause pain common site -calf muscle Pain in foot - block in lower tibial and plantar vessel Pain in calf-block in femoropopliteal site Pain in thigh - block in superficial femoral artery  Pain in buttocks'-block in common iliac - LERICHE SYNDROME Pain commonly develops when muscles are exercising  During exercise: increase perfusion and increased opening of collateral wash the metabolites away BOYD CLASSIFICATION: GRADE 1: Pain after walking distance which pain develop CLAUDICATION DISTANCE  If patient continues to walk pain subsides -metabolites causing pain are washed away in the circulation due to increased blood flow in muscle and also opening of collateral GRADE2: Pain still persist on cont...

  NON -STEROIDAL ANTI INFLAMMATORY DRUG  They are non-opioid analgesics  They have anti-pyretic ,uricosuria properties CLASSIFICATION  A)NON SELECTIVE COX-INHIBITOR : ACETIC ACID ACID :   KETOROLAC,INDOMETHACIN,NABUMETONE ENOLIC ACID : PIROXICAM PYRAZOLONE : PHENYLBUTAZONE OXYPHENBUTAZONE FENAMATE : MEPHENAMIC ACID PROPIONIC ACID : IBUPROFEN KETOPROFEN NAPROXEN FLURBIPROFEN SALICYLATE: ASPIRIN B)PREFERENTIAL COX-2 INHIBITORS  : DICLOFENAC ACECLOFENAC ETODOLAC NIMESULIDE MELOXICAM C)SELECTIVE COX - 2 INHIBITOR : PARECOXIB CELECOXIB ETORICOXIB D)ANALGESICS WITH ANTI-PYRETIC WITH POOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTION: PARA AMINOPHENOL DERIVATIVE :PARACETAMOL (ACETAMINOPHEN) PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES:METAMIZOL PROPIPHENAZONE BANZOXAZOCINE DERIVATIVE :NEFOPAM MECHANISM OF ACTION: When any infectious agent (stimuli)enters the  body it affect phospholipid bilayer ( important component of cell membrane)it stimulate enzyme phospholipase A2  ,it destroys phospholipids...