STENCILDENT

  Why SIALOLITHIASIS  seen in submandibular gland more commonly? Submandibular excretory gland duct is wider in diameter ,longer than Stenson duct  Salivary flow in submandibular gland is against gravity  Submandibular gland salivary secretion is more alkaline compared with pH of parotid gland  Submandibular gland saliva contain increased quantity of mucin protein where as parotid saliva is entirely serous  Calcium ,phosphate content in submandibular gland saliva is greater than in other gland  KEY POINTS: LONGER AND MORE TORTOUS DUCT : SALIVA COMPOSITION: thicker more alkaline saliva favors precipitation of calcium salts -the building block of stones  SALIVA FLOW DIRECTION (AGAINST THE GRAVITY): SLOWER FLOW RATE AT REST :submandibular gland are more active at rest (basal secretion) and the lower flow rate increases the risk of stagnation and crystal formation To learn more about sialolithiasis click on this link below : SIALOLITHIASIS

  SIALOLITHIASIS /SALIVARY CALCULI /SALIVARY STONE   Calcified structure that develop within salivary ductal system  Arise :deposition of calcium salt around a nidus within the duct  Debris :Bacteria +Epithelial cells + Mucous +foreign body  Not related to any system derangement in calcium, phosphate metabolism  COMPOSITION: Hydroxyapatite crystal Calcium Phosphorous  Magnesium Potassium chloride Ammonium ETIOLOGY: Exact -unknown CLINICAL FETAURE: AGE:  No gender predilection Site: Submandibular salivary gland duct ,parotid, minor salivary gland CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Acute painful ,intermediate swelling of affected gland especially at meal time Pain-size, degree of obstruction ,amount of resultant back pressure produced within the gland  While eating -increased salivary flow -stone blockage causes pooling of saliva within the duct and gland  Salivary gland encapsulated allows only little expansion this enlargement result in pain Size:2m...

      FAULTY RADIOGRAPH -PART2                                     EXPOSURE ERROR: STUDENTS CORNER : Hi my dear stencilent family ,sorry for interepting, before moving on to the topic of discussion for today ,we also need to learn more reasons for faulty radiograpgh to occur along with its correction strategies to learn them , do click on the link provided  patient and positioning errors . DARK RADIOGRAPH: REASONS: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TIME (kvp) HIGH KILOWOLTAGE POTENTIAL(MA) Decreased film to source distance CORRECTION: Set exposure time kvp,MAcorrectly Adjust film to source distance LIGHT RADIOGRAPH REASONS : Low kvp -less MA Less exposure  Increased in film to source distance CORRECTION: Set exposure time kvp,MAcorrectly Adjust film to source distance PROCESSING ERROR: DARK RADIOGRAPGH : REASONS: Developing time to long High temperature of developer Inadequate fixati...

             FAULTY RADIOGRAPH ARTIFACT : Unwanted density on the radiograpgh that interfere diagnosis. I)PATIENT AND FILM POSITIONING ERROR: FORESHORTENING: Reasons : increased vertical angulation  correction: angulation maintained to the teeth ELONGATION: reasons:decreased verical angulation correction:angulation to be maintained to respect to teeth CORONAL END CUT: reasons: film not placed sufficient coronally  correction:proper placement of film coronally APICAL END CUT: reasons:film not placed sufficient apically correction:proper placement of film apically CONE CUT: reasons:improper placement of film,improper tube head position  correction:proper placement of film ,tube head  OVERLAPPING: reasons:improper horizontal angulation of tube head  correction:proper anugulation horizontal :0 WRONG SIDE IDENTIFICATION DOT/DOT ARTEFACT: reason:wrong placement of film  correction:dot to be placed towards occlusal surface  ...

  AGE ESTIMATION  INTRODUCTION : Radiology plays an important role in human age determination Dental radiography is a non-destruction and simple technique used daily in dental practice  Age estimation in children can be based on radiographic analysis of developmental stages of dental elements since: Strong genetic control More reliable in predicting chronological age than other osteological indicators NEED FOR IDENTIFICATION: A competent forensic death investigation of human remains has 4 goals : Determination of the means Manner Cause of death Identification of the remains METHODS: DEMIRJIANS METHOD: To assess the developmental stages of third molars from the mandible . Eight stages (A-H) Plus 0 - absence  CONCLUSION : Teeth represent useful material for age estimation  Development of each individual can be effected by : Genetic  Nutritional Climatic  Hormonal Environmental  It has been reported that dental mineralisation is less affected by...

 LEUKOPLAKIA  POTENTIALLY MALIGNANT DISORDER :  R isk of malignancy being present in a lesion or condition either during the time of initial diagnosis or at future date  PRECANCEROUS LESION :  Benign morphological altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to develop than its normal counterpart : leukoplakia  Erythroplakia  Tobacco pouch keratosis  Palatal lesion in reverse smokers  PRECANCEROUS CONDITION :  Generalized state or a disease which can be associated with greater than  normal risk of cancer development  OSMF Lichen planus  Epidermolysis bullosa  LEUKOPLAKIA :  White plaque of questionable risk having excluded (other)known disease or disorder that carry no risk for cancer  PLAQUE-  Raised lesion that are greater than 1 cm in diameter ,they are essentially large papules  PAPULE:  Lesion raised above skin or mucosal surface that are smaller than  1 cm in diameter  WH...