STENCILDENT

  PAPILLARY CARCINOMA THYROID  Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumor spread by all possible routes: Local  Lymphatic  Blood Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumors are usually non -functional ETIOLOGY: Accidental radiation to neck /Hodgkin lymphoma result in papillary carcinoma of thyroid It can be complication of hashimoto thyroiditis Occur often in gardner syndrome ,Cowden syndrome patient associated with mutation :chromosomal translocation involving RET PROTO ONCOGENE ,Chromosome (10q11) PATHOLOGY: Its made up of colloid like filled follicles  calcific lesion are found which are called PSAMOMA BODIES Follicular variant of papillary cancer : LINDSAY TUMOUR Mixed lesion Tall cell papillary cancer :Aggressive, rapidly growing tumor  Calcification  Cystic changes Cuboidal pale cells Crowded nuclei Cytoplasmic inclusion -intranuclear Cartoon character -ORPHANANNIE  Calcified deposits: PSAMMOMA...

                                 BLEEDING GUMS  Bleeding gums is one of the most common condition affecting oral cavity  It indicates slowly progressive disease of gum which may further involving :bone supporting teeth ,ultimately resulting in tooth loss Bleeding gums can be spontaneous or due to provocation  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Gums-soft ,spongy, swollen While brushing bleeding occur Bleeding can be associated with or without pain. If pain present then usually dull in nature You might experience bad odor from mouth  CAUSES : LOCAL CAUSES: Calculus Gingival trauma Recession  Overhang Abnormal frenum Frenum pull Developmental abnormality  SYSTEMIC CAUSES: Hemorrhage Platelet disorder Vitamin k deficiencies TREATMENT: Applying pressure :apply pressure with gauze pack ,soaked in ice water and directly apply to gums Local application of astringents can control /reduce blee...

  CARBAMAZIPINE Its pharmacological action similar to phenytoin Therapeutic effect in mood disorder and has anti diuretic action USE'S: Trigeminal neuralgia PHARMCOKINERTICS : ABSORPTON-Oral -slow DISTRIBUTION-75%plasma bound METABOLISM-liver EXCRETION-urine ADVERSE EFFECTS : Dizziness Sedation Vomiting  Rash INTERACTION: Decreased efficacy of oral contraceptive  Important note : Its important to recognize and manage phenytoin induced gum hypertrophy.

             FUNCTION OF SALIVA  FUNCTION: LUBRICATION SALIVARY COMPONENT : Glycoprotein, mucoid  PROBABLE MECHANISM :coating similar to gastric mucin  FUNCTION: BUFFERING ACTION  SALIVARY COMPONENT: Bicarbonates, phosphate MECHANISM : Antacid  FUNCTION :PHYSICAL PROTECTION ,CLEANSING SALIVARY COMPONENT :Glycoproteins, mucoid, physical flow  MECHANISM :clearance of bacteria and debris  FUNCTION: TOOTH INTEGRITY ,MAINTAINANCE SALIVARY COMPONENT : Minerals ,glycoprotein pellicle  MECHANISM :maturation ,remineralization mechanical protection  SALIVARY COMPONENT :IGA MECHANISM : control of bacterial colonization  FUNCTION: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION SALIVARY   COMPONENT :LYSOZYME MECHANISM OF ACTION : Break bacteria cells  SALIVARY COMPONENT:L ACTOPEROXIDASE MECHANISM : oxidation of susceptible bacteria 

                                ANEURYSM  INTRODUCTION: It is a dilatation of localized segment of arterial system . true aneurysm -contains all three layers of artery  false aneurysm -contains single layer of fibrous tissue wall of sac and it usually occurs after trauma Sites:  Aorta Femoral Popliteal Subclavian Berry aneurysm -multiple aneurysm occurring in circle of Willis Abdominal aneurysm commonest aortic aneurysm Peripheral aneurysm less common compared to cavity aneurysm  Types: Fusiform Saccular Dissecting  Etiology : Atherosclerosis (to learn   Etiology of atherosclerosis  )  Syphillis Traumatic  Collagen disease like Marfan syndrome Dissecting aneurysm -hypertension  Trauma Cystic medial necrosis  CLINICAL FEATURES: Swelling -pulsatile, Smooth, Soft, Warm ,  Palpitation-thrill, Auscultation -bruit  Altered sensation due to compr...

 CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY  Art and science of diagnosis,treatment,prognosis of defense of tooth that do not require full coverage restoration  Such treatment should result in proper tooth form, function ,esthetics ,in harmonious relationship with adjacent hard and soft tissue all of which enhance the general health and welfare of patient DENTAL CARIES: DEFINITION: Is an infectious microbiological disease that result in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissue of teeth -STURDEVANT Is defined as the microbial disease of the calcified tissue of tooth characterized by demineralization of the inorganic protein and destruction of organic substance of tooth -E.A.M.KIDD BASED ON WHO SYSTEM: D1-Non cavitated lesion D2-Cavity limited to enamel  D3-cavity limited to dentin D4-cavity limited to pulp BLACKS CLASSIFICATION: CLASS I CARIES: All pits and fissure caries are class1 caries ,these caries include : Occlusal surface of premolar and molar Occlusal 2/3rd ...

                  PROKINETIC DRUGS Drug that promote gastrointestinal transit and hasten gastric emptying METACLOPRAMIDE: They act by blocking D2 dopamine receptor in CTZ -ANTIEMETIC ACTION Enhances acetylcholine release from cholinergic neuron in gut ACTION: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: Forward movement of content in upper gastrointestinal tract  Increased gastric emptying Prevent reflux esophagitis CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Speeds up gastric emptying USES: Antiemetic Preanesthetic medication In endoscopy ADVERSE EFFECT: Sedation Gynecomastia Diarrhoea Note: Kindly do not consume medication without consulting a physician ,notes on our site is to provide notes for students only.