Leptospirosis -cause,pathogenesis,clinical features,diagnosis and treatment

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 LEPTOSPIROSIS 

  • Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection which is  caused by spirochete 

ZOONOTIC DISEASE ?

  • Zoonotic disease are infection that spread between animals and human 
  • Examples :plague,ebola,rabies

SPIROCHETE?

  • Spiral shaped bacteria
  • Helically coiled 
  • Highly motile 

Disease caused by spirochaetes:

  • lyme disease,syphilis,borreliosis

LEPTOSPIROSIS 

  • Hook in ends
  • Periplastic flagella 
  • Leptospirosis -animal reservoir is rat (rodent )
  • Spread through rat urine contaminated in flood water
  • More common in rainy season 

LEPTOSPIRA SPECIES :

  • PATHOGENIC -LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS
  • FREE LIVING-LEPTOSPIRA BIFLEXA

  • Leptospira dont stain well and are best seen in dark field microscopy with silver impregnation stain 






PATHOGENESIS :

  • Leptospira common in rodent (rat) ,also known as rat fever

  • When a person who has cut or abraded skin walks in flood ,
  • Sewage water mixed with rat urine ;leptospira enter in and cause infection 

  • Undergoes 2 phases:

  • Phase 1- leptospiremia
  • Phase 2-immune phase 

Biphasic illness:

  • Phase 1 last for 4-9 days
  • Phase 2 follows after a period of apparent recovery 





CLINICAL FEATURE:

  • Incubation period averages 1-2 weeks 
  • Fever 
  • Severe muscle pain 
  • WEIL'S DISEASE 

TRIAD:

1)JAUNDICE

2)RENAL FAILURE

3)HEMORRHAGE 

ORGANS AFFECTED :

  • JAUNDICE-LIVER
  • RENAL FAILURE-KIDNEY 





  • HAEMORRHAGE-coagulation problem ,several areas affected :skin,conjunctiva,brain

RECENT COMPLICATION:

  • Its found that leptospira can affect lung and cause severe form of leptospirosis 

DIAGNOSIS:

  • Microscopic slide agglutination test (MAT):
  • Seroconversion or a four fold rise in titre between acute and convalescent sera is confirmatory 
  • ELISA 
  • Rapid test

TREATMENT :

  • Mild leptospirosis:doxyclinie
  • Moderate:penicillin
  • All regimen are given for 7 days




REASONS FOR FEVER DURING RAINY SEASON :
1)Malaria
2)Typhoid
3)Dengue
4)Leptospirosis 





1)Malarial fever occurs once on alternative days ,shivering,multi organ dysfunction
2)Typhoid:
caused by salmonella typhi 
diarrhoea
step ladder pyrexia
3)Dengue- platelet decreased (thrombocytopenia)

AIM OF THIS POST:


HELLO, YES rainy season has started who doesn't like to enjoy rain , well we can definitely enjoy rain , after enjoying rain I am sure most of us would have experienced fever the next day so for that we need to know what and all could be the possible reason for fever during rainy season ,to make sure we stay away from these infection always take a shower after you reach home every time you step out on the street especially make it a habit to cleanse during these rainy seasons(lazy ones) and  now lets see how to approach this question in exam point of view  first of all for every question we need to start by giving a small introduction to the topic followed by pathogenesis,clinical features,diagnosis and finally about its treatment options.Hope this post would have been informative if this post helped you then do let me know in the comment section below as it would motivate me to post more such content .





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