STENCILDENT

      FAULTY RADIOGRAPH -PART2                                     EXPOSURE ERROR: STUDENTS CORNER : Hi my dear stencilent family ,sorry for interepting, before moving on to the topic of discussion for today ,we also need to learn more reasons for faulty radiograpgh to occur along with its correction strategies to learn them , do click on the link provided  patient and positioning errors . DARK RADIOGRAPH: REASONS: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TIME (kvp) HIGH KILOWOLTAGE POTENTIAL(MA) Decreased film to source distance CORRECTION: Set exposure time kvp,MAcorrectly Adjust film to source distance LIGHT RADIOGRAPH REASONS : Low kvp -less MA Less exposure  Increased in film to source distance CORRECTION: Set exposure time kvp,MAcorrectly Adjust film to source distance PROCESSING ERROR: DARK RADIOGRAPGH : REASONS: Developing time to long High temperature of developer Inadequate fixati...

             FAULTY RADIOGRAPH ARTIFACT : Unwanted density on the radiograpgh that interfere diagnosis. I)PATIENT AND FILM POSITIONING ERROR: FORESHORTENING: Reasons : increased vertical angulation  correction: angulation maintained to the teeth ELONGATION: reasons:decreased verical angulation correction:angulation to be maintained to respect to teeth CORONAL END CUT: reasons: film not placed sufficient coronally  correction:proper placement of film coronally APICAL END CUT: reasons:film not placed sufficient apically correction:proper placement of film apically CONE CUT: reasons:improper placement of film,improper tube head position  correction:proper placement of film ,tube head  OVERLAPPING: reasons:improper horizontal angulation of tube head  correction:proper anugulation horizontal :0 WRONG SIDE IDENTIFICATION DOT/DOT ARTEFACT: reason:wrong placement of film  correction:dot to be placed towards occlusal surface  ...

 DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION  Pathologic calcification is abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts together with smaller amounts of iron ,magnesium and other mineral salts Its of two forms : Dystrophic Metastatic Dystrophic calcification : When deposition occurs locally in dying tissue It occurs despite normal serum level of calcium and in the absence of derangement in calcium metabolism Occur in : Area of necrosis Advanced atherosclerosis Damaged heart valve Dead parasite Cancer Students corner : To learn more about  pathogenesis of atherosclerosis  do click on this link to learn more. Pathogenesis: Final step if fomrtaion of crystalline calcium phosphate  INITIATION: Membrane process calcium concentration bind to phospholipid present in membrane ,phosphatase generate phosphate group   PROPAGATION: Cycle of calcium binding phosphate generating micro crystal propagate lead to more calcium deposition  MORPHOLOGY : Calcium salts appear macroscopically f...

    DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR                                          COAGULATION INTRODUCTION: Complex thrombohemorrhagic disorder Second complication in some disease ETIOLOGY: Massive trauma,surgery Malaria Septicemia Severe burn Snake bite  PATHOGENESIS: Activation of coagulation Thromboitic phase Consumption phase Secondary fibrinolysis CLINICAL FEATURE : Bleeding Organ damage LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: Platelet count low  Prothrombin and thrombin time is prolonged

  PATHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS INTRODUCTION: Lipid plaque form on the inside wall of arteries Arteries :narrowed and becomes hardened Atherosclerosis is caused when endothelial wall get damaged by hypertension ,smoking,hyperglycemia Increased permeability of arterial wall -allowing LDL cholesterol to get in  White blood cells like monocyte ,move freely through blood vessel Endothelial cell express adhesion protein molecule when an irritating stimuli ,tat capture monocyte ,undergo morphologic changes ,enter between cell -DIAPEDIESIS White blood cell (engulf )produce free radical in contact with LDL  gets oxidized resulting in positive feedback situation  Foam cell produced ,saturated with LDL die and release content ,that's taken by other white blood cell Fragment of dead cell produce area with lipid core to form plaque This plaque accumulate more calcium salt and dead cell leading to atherosclerosis Blood clot form on endothelial wall thrombus Flow through blood s...

  VIRCHOWS TRIAD  THROMBOSIS : Process of formation of solid mass in circulation from flowing blood ,this mass itself is called thrombus According to virchows three things/factors essential for blood clot ,"thrombus formation". 1)Endothelial cell injury 2)Hemostasis 3)Hypercoagulality STUDENTS CORNER : Welcome back to our site ,if you are our new subscriber then do consider checking out our  posts by either clicking on the subject you want to learn or you can start by searching the topic of your interest ,coming back to the content so today the topic of discussion is on virchows triad ,previously we have discussed on  PLATELET , FATE OF THROMBI , when this question is asked do give a short introduction on platelet and proceed by mentioning all three in the virchows triad that is the endothelial injury,hemostasis( click on the link to learn about hemostasis ) followed by hypercoaguability and conclude your answer with fate of thrombi . ENDOTHELIAL INJURY: Increases ...

                PARACETAMOL Analgesic ,anti-pyretic ,week anti inflammatory properties. Brain:Active cyclo-oxygenase -anti-pyretic action Gastric irritation mild STUDENT CORNER: HI!my dear stencildent family welcome back to our website ,if your knew to our site please do consider checking out our other posts to ,now moving on to our topic of discussion for today its about a very well and often used,and misused drug paracetamol it belongs to non -steroidal antiinflammatory drug click on this link to learn about  NSAID CLASSIFICATION  . PHARMACOKINETICS: Orally well absorbed Thirty percent protein bound Metabolised by microsomal enzyme  ADVERSE EFFECT: Nausea Rashes Large dose:  Acute paracetamol poisoning  Hepatotoxic Jaundice Nephrotoxicity - renal failure USES: Analgesic:tooth ache ,head ache  Antipyretic Chronic pulpitis,periodontal abscess,post extraction MECHANISM OF ACTION: Small portion: metabolised to -N-acetyl...