STENCILDENT

  PAPILLARY CARCINOMA THYROID  Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumor spread by all possible routes: Local  Lymphatic  Blood Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumors are usually non -functional ETIOLOGY: Accidental radiation to neck /Hodgkin lymphoma result in papillary carcinoma of thyroid It can be complication of hashimoto thyroiditis Occur often in gardner syndrome ,Cowden syndrome patient associated with mutation :chromosomal translocation involving RET PROTO ONCOGENE ,Chromosome (10q11) PATHOLOGY: Its made up of colloid like filled follicles  calcific lesion are found which are called PSAMOMA BODIES Follicular variant of papillary cancer : LINDSAY TUMOUR Mixed lesion Tall cell papillary cancer :Aggressive, rapidly growing tumor  Calcification  Cystic changes Cuboidal pale cells Crowded nuclei Cytoplasmic inclusion -intranuclear Cartoon character -ORPHANANNIE  Calcified deposits: PSAMMOMA...

                                 BLEEDING GUMS  Bleeding gums is one of the most common condition affecting oral cavity  It indicates slowly progressive disease of gum which may further involving :bone supporting teeth ,ultimately resulting in tooth loss Bleeding gums can be spontaneous or due to provocation  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Gums-soft ,spongy, swollen While brushing bleeding occur Bleeding can be associated with or without pain. If pain present then usually dull in nature You might experience bad odor from mouth  CAUSES : LOCAL CAUSES: Calculus Gingival trauma Recession  Overhang Abnormal frenum Frenum pull Developmental abnormality  SYSTEMIC CAUSES: Hemorrhage Platelet disorder Vitamin k deficiencies TREATMENT: Applying pressure :apply pressure with gauze pack ,soaked in ice water and directly apply to gums Local application of astringents can control /reduce blee...

  CARBAMAZIPINE Its pharmacological action similar to phenytoin Therapeutic effect in mood disorder and has anti diuretic action USE'S: Trigeminal neuralgia PHARMCOKINERTICS : ABSORPTON-Oral -slow DISTRIBUTION-75%plasma bound METABOLISM-liver EXCRETION-urine ADVERSE EFFECTS : Dizziness Sedation Vomiting  Rash INTERACTION: Decreased efficacy of oral contraceptive  Important note : Its important to recognize and manage phenytoin induced gum hypertrophy.

             FUNCTION OF SALIVA  FUNCTION: LUBRICATION SALIVARY COMPONENT : Glycoprotein, mucoid  PROBABLE MECHANISM :coating similar to gastric mucin  FUNCTION: BUFFERING ACTION  SALIVARY COMPONENT: Bicarbonates, phosphate MECHANISM : Antacid  FUNCTION :PHYSICAL PROTECTION ,CLEANSING SALIVARY COMPONENT :Glycoproteins, mucoid, physical flow  MECHANISM :clearance of bacteria and debris  FUNCTION: TOOTH INTEGRITY ,MAINTAINANCE SALIVARY COMPONENT : Minerals ,glycoprotein pellicle  MECHANISM :maturation ,remineralization mechanical protection  SALIVARY COMPONENT :IGA MECHANISM : control of bacterial colonization  FUNCTION: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION SALIVARY   COMPONENT :LYSOZYME MECHANISM OF ACTION : Break bacteria cells  SALIVARY COMPONENT:L ACTOPEROXIDASE MECHANISM : oxidation of susceptible bacteria