STENCILDENT

  Why SIALOLITHIASIS  seen in submandibular gland more commonly? Submandibular excretory gland duct is wider in diameter ,longer than Stenson duct  Salivary flow in submandibular gland is against gravity  Submandibular gland salivary secretion is more alkaline compared with pH of parotid gland  Submandibular gland saliva contain increased quantity of mucin protein where as parotid saliva is entirely serous  Calcium ,phosphate content in submandibular gland saliva is greater than in other gland  KEY POINTS: LONGER AND MORE TORTOUS DUCT : SALIVA COMPOSITION: thicker more alkaline saliva favors precipitation of calcium salts -the building block of stones  SALIVA FLOW DIRECTION (AGAINST THE GRAVITY): SLOWER FLOW RATE AT REST :submandibular gland are more active at rest (basal secretion) and the lower flow rate increases the risk of stagnation and crystal formation To learn more about sialolithiasis click on this link below : SIALOLITHIASIS

                                       CANCRUM ORIS(NOMA) INTRODUCTION: Cancrum oris is a Special type of gangrene Extensive ulcerative disease of cheek mucosa occurring in malnourished children Sign of gangrene :loss of pulsation, colour, temperature ,sensation, function As disease progress, whole thickness of the cheek may be lost PRECIPITATIG FACTORS: Malnourishment Major disease like diphtheria ,whooping cough, typhoid, measles, kala azar  As a result of these factors opportunistic -borrelia vincentii and fusiform multiply and cause ulcer, erosion, fibrosis CLINICAL FEATURE : Lip-induration , edema -ischemia -necrotic -large area of lip ,cheek ja may be destroyed  Painful condition Patient ill ,anorexic High temperature  COMPLICATION: Fibrosis causing restriction of the movement of jaw septicemia, toxemia and death TREATMENT : Ryle tube feeding Improve the nutrition App...

  SIALOLITHIASIS /SALIVARY CALCULI /SALIVARY STONE   Calcified structure that develop within salivary ductal system  Arise :deposition of calcium salt around a nidus within the duct  Debris :Bacteria +Epithelial cells + Mucous +foreign body  Not related to any system derangement in calcium, phosphate metabolism  COMPOSITION: Hydroxyapatite crystal Calcium Phosphorous  Magnesium Potassium chloride Ammonium ETIOLOGY: Exact -unknown CLINICAL FETAURE: AGE:  No gender predilection Site: Submandibular salivary gland duct ,parotid, minor salivary gland CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Acute painful ,intermediate swelling of affected gland especially at meal time Pain-size, degree of obstruction ,amount of resultant back pressure produced within the gland  While eating -increased salivary flow -stone blockage causes pooling of saliva within the duct and gland  Salivary gland encapsulated allows only little expansion this enlargement result in pain Size:2m...

                        ACTINOMYCOSIS INTRODUCTION: It is caused by actinomycosis Israeli Gram positive fungal like bacteria ,anaerobic Its also known as RAY FUNGUS -sun ray appearance Present in :oral floral Invade tissue in case of carious teeth ,trauma, poor oral hygiene  CLINICAL TYPES: A)CERVICOFACIAL Commonest type Lower jaw -commonly involved  Site :Tonsil, trauma from infected tooth  Gums (induration) Nodules from with involvement of face and neck  Softens ,burst through skin forming multiple tortuous sinuses Discharge pus ,containing sulfur granules Cervical lymph node not enlarged  Differential diagnosis : Carcinoma in floor of mouth  Jaw tumor Osteomyelitis of mandible B)THORACIC : Aspiration -lung and pleura gets infected later emphysema develop chest wall nodule -discharging sinuses C)ABDOMINAL: In Intestine the organism cross bowel wall -pericecal region causing inflammatory reaction ...

                           CLASS 1 CAVITY: LINE ANGLE: FACIO/BUCOPULPAL DISTOFACIAL DISTOPULPAL DISTOLINGUAL LINGUOPULPAL MESIOPULPAL MESIOLINGUAL MESIOFACIAL POINT ANGLE  DISTOFACIOPULPAL DISTOLINGUOPULPAL MESIOLINGUOPULPAL MESIOFACIOPULPAL CLASS TWO CAVITY : AXIAL WALL: Internal wall, parallel to long axis of tooth  GINGIVAL WALL: external wall ,perpendicular to long axis of tooth  PULPAL WALL: internal wall, perpendicular to long axis of tooth and occlusal to pulpal wall LINE ANGLE:  DISTOFACIAL DISTOLINGUAL DISTOPULPAL FACIOPULPAL LINGUAL PULPAL AXIOPULPAL AXIOGINGIVAL FACIOGINGIVAL LINGUAL GINGIVAL AXIOFACIAL  POINT ANGLE: DISTOFACIAL PULPAL DISTOLINGUAL PULPAL AXIOFACIAL PULPAL AXIOLINGUAL PULPAL FACIOGINGIVAL PULPAL FACIOLINGUAL PULPAL  CLASS TWO MOD(MESIO-DISTAL-OCCLUSAL) LINE ANGLE -14 BUCOPULPULPAL-2 PALATOPULPAL-2 AXIOPULPAL-2 AXIOGINGIVAL-2 AXIOBUCCAL-2 AXIOPALATAL-2 BUCOGINGI...

                              AMOXICILLIN  Amoxicillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic beta lactam antibiotic, but its susceptible to degradation by beta lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria . Its susceptible to degradation by beta lactamase producing bacteria. They are resistant to broad spectrum beta lactam antibiotics  Amoxicillin is combined with clavulanic acid which is beta lactamase inhibitor  Clavulanic acid binds to beta lactamase -clavulanic acid get inactivated known as suicide inhibitor MECHANISM OF ACTION : Amoxillicin gets degraded easily by attack of bacteria thus resulting in its breakdown ,where as when amoxicillin gets combined with clavulanic acid ,it doesn't get degraded easily thereby aid in destroying the bacterial pathogens .

                    BETA LACTUM ANTIBIOTICS PENICILLIN CATEGORY: Beta lactam antibiotics  FOUND BY: Alexander flaming  FOUND IN: Fungus penicillium notatum ,but commercially penicillium chrysogenum PROTOTYPE: Benzyl penicillin STRUCTURE: Beta lactam ,thiazolidine ring  PROPERTIES:  Highly water soluble More stable in salt form Stable in dry state Thermolabile Acid labile  MECHANISM OF ACTION : Bacterial action by inhibiting synthesis of cell wall In peptidoglycan :glycan chain consist of altering amino sugar  Penicillin-bind and inactivate penicillin binding protein Inhibit transpeptidase  Prevent peptidoglycan synthesis Cell wall deficient form develop autolysis and there by causing cell death 

                  CEPHALOSPORIN ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM: GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA : Streptococcus pyogens  Viridan streptococci Staphylococcus aureus  Streptococcus pneumonia  GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA: E.coli Klebsiella Pneumonia Proteus MECHANISM OF ACTION : IN GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA - Cephalosporin penetrate peptidoglycan layer bind to penicillin binding protein blocking its activity there by causing damage to peptidoglycan synthesis  IN GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA- Enter through outer membrane bind to penicillin binding protein and damage peptidoglycan synthesis  some may release beta lactamase that bind to cephalosporin which inhibit its function but clavulanic acid and cephalosporin  thereby binds the bacteria and thus enabling bacterial action  SECOND GENERATION: CEFUROXIME- Resistant to gram negative beta lactamase Active against -ampicillin resistant H.Influenza Well tolerated in intramuscular action THIRD GEN...

                          TOOTH PREPARATION: Mechanical alteration of defective and injured tooth disease such that placement of restoration re-establish normal form and function ,aesthetics. OBJECTIVES: Conserve Remove defect  Masticatory force Aesthetics CONVENTIONAL PREPARATION: Require wall form  Uniform depth  Margin example: Amalgam, cast metal CONSERVATIVE PREPARATION: Remove defect : Example composite ,glass ionomer cement  POLYCRYSTALLIC MATERIAL ; Limited ability to flex  Removal of defect  Uniform depth Example: Amalgam, glass ceramic  POLYMERIC: Greater ability to flex  Removal of defective tooth Example: Composite resin  NOMENCLATURE: TERMINOLOGY One surface: Simple Two surface: Compound Three surface: Complex ABBREVATION: OCCLUSAL: O MESIAL AND OCCLUSAL : MO MESIAL,DISTAL AND OCCLUSAL :MOD TOOTH PREPARATION WALL: INTERNAL: Does not extend to external tooth  AX...

                  CEPHALOSPORIN: INTRODUCTION: Semi synthetic antibiotic  Derived :CEPHALOSPORIN -C Chemically related to penicillin Divided into four generation based on: Chronological sequence  Antibacterial spectrum It has bactericidal action MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inhibits cell wall synthesis CLASSIFICATION: FIRST GENERATION: CEFAZOLIN,CEPHALEXIN SECOND GENERATION: ORAL -CEFACLOR PARENTRAL-CEFUROXIME THIRD GENERATION: CEFOTAXIME,CEFTIZOXIME FOURTH GENERATION: CEFEPIME,CEFPIROME  CLASSIFICATION: FIRST GENERATION: CEFa zolin CEPHA loridine CEPHA lothin CEPHA radine CEPHA lexin CEPHA droxil SECOND GENERATION: CEF oxitin CEF aclor CEF uroxime THIRD GENERATION: CEF triaxone CEF otoxamine Cef tazidime FOURTH GENERATION: CEF ipime CEF ipirome FIFTH GENERATION  CEF taroline

  ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION  Oral rehydration solution is given in oral rehydration therapy of mild to moderate diarrhea. Hydration must be maintained in all cases of diarrhea to prevent fluid depletion and shock . It contains sodium and  potassium chloride, trisodium citrate and glucose. Glucose help in absorption of sodium because glucose facilitated sodium reabsorption remains intact even in severe diarrhea Composition: Sodium chloride -3.5 grams Potassium chloride -1.5 grams Sodium citrate -2.9 grams Glucose-20 grams Above all compounds are dissolved in 1 liter of water Glucose-facilitate sodium reabsorption Sodium citrate correct acidosis, promote water and sodium retention NEW ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION FORMULA : Sodium chloride-2.6 grams Potassium chloride-1.5 grams Sodium citrate -2.9 grams Glucose-13.5 grams Water-1 liter In new formula WHO-ORS ,Concentration of sodium chloride and glucose as well as total osmolarity is decreased because : Use of standard formula ...