STENCILDENT

                  CEPHALOSPORIN ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM: GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA : Streptococcus pyogens  Viridan streptococci Staphylococcus aureus  Streptococcus pneumonia  GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA: E.coli Klebsiella Pneumonia Proteus MECHANISM OF ACTION : IN GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA - Cephalosporin penetrate peptidoglycan layer bind to penicillin binding protein blocking its activity there by causing damage to peptidoglycan synthesis  IN GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA- Enter through outer membrane bind to penicillin binding protein and damage peptidoglycan synthesis  some may release beta lactamase that bind to cephalosporin which inhibit its function but clavulanic acid and cephalosporin  thereby binds the bacteria and thus enabling bacterial action  SECOND GENERATION: CEFUROXIME- Resistant to gram negative beta lactamase Active against -ampicillin resistant H.Influenza Well tolerated in intramuscular action THIRD GEN...

                          TOOTH PREPARATION: Mechanical alteration of defective and injured tooth disease such that placement of restoration re-establish normal form and function ,aesthetics. OBJECTIVES: Conserve Remove defect  Masticatory force Aesthetics CONVENTIONAL PREPARATION: Require wall form  Uniform depth  Margin example: Amalgam, cast metal CONSERVATIVE PREPARATION: Remove defect : Example composite ,glass ionomer cement  POLYCRYSTALLIC MATERIAL ; Limited ability to flex  Removal of defect  Uniform depth Example: Amalgam, glass ceramic  POLYMERIC: Greater ability to flex  Removal of defective tooth Example: Composite resin  NOMENCLATURE: TERMINOLOGY One surface: Simple Two surface: Compound Three surface: Complex ABBREVATION: OCCLUSAL: O MESIAL AND OCCLUSAL : MO MESIAL,DISTAL AND OCCLUSAL :MOD TOOTH PREPARATION WALL: INTERNAL: Does not extend to external tooth  AX...

                  CEPHALOSPORIN: INTRODUCTION: Semi synthetic antibiotic  Derived :CEPHALOSPORIN -C Chemically related to penicillin Divided into four generation based on: Chronological sequence  Antibacterial spectrum It has bactericidal action MECHANISM OF ACTION: Inhibits cell wall synthesis CLASSIFICATION: FIRST GENERATION: CEFAZOLIN,CEPHALEXIN SECOND GENERATION: ORAL -CEFACLOR PARENTRAL-CEFUROXIME THIRD GENERATION: CEFOTAXIME,CEFTIZOXIME FOURTH GENERATION: CEFEPIME,CEFPIROME  CLASSIFICATION: FIRST GENERATION: CEFa zolin CEPHA loridine CEPHA lothin CEPHA radine CEPHA lexin CEPHA droxil SECOND GENERATION: CEF oxitin CEF aclor CEF uroxime THIRD GENERATION: CEF triaxone CEF otoxamine Cef tazidime FOURTH GENERATION: CEF ipime CEF ipirome FIFTH GENERATION  CEF taroline

  ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION  Oral rehydration solution is given in oral rehydration therapy of mild to moderate diarrhea. Hydration must be maintained in all cases of diarrhea to prevent fluid depletion and shock . It contains sodium and  potassium chloride, trisodium citrate and glucose. Glucose help in absorption of sodium because glucose facilitated sodium reabsorption remains intact even in severe diarrhea Composition: Sodium chloride -3.5 grams Potassium chloride -1.5 grams Sodium citrate -2.9 grams Glucose-20 grams Above all compounds are dissolved in 1 liter of water Glucose-facilitate sodium reabsorption Sodium citrate correct acidosis, promote water and sodium retention NEW ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION FORMULA : Sodium chloride-2.6 grams Potassium chloride-1.5 grams Sodium citrate -2.9 grams Glucose-13.5 grams Water-1 liter In new formula WHO-ORS ,Concentration of sodium chloride and glucose as well as total osmolarity is decreased because : Use of standard formula ...

  PAPILLARY CARCINOMA THYROID  Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumor spread by all possible routes: Local  Lymphatic  Blood Thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland where in malignant tumors are usually non -functional ETIOLOGY: Accidental radiation to neck /Hodgkin lymphoma result in papillary carcinoma of thyroid It can be complication of hashimoto thyroiditis Occur often in gardner syndrome ,Cowden syndrome patient associated with mutation :chromosomal translocation involving RET PROTO ONCOGENE ,Chromosome (10q11) PATHOLOGY: Its made up of colloid like filled follicles  calcific lesion are found which are called PSAMOMA BODIES Follicular variant of papillary cancer : LINDSAY TUMOUR Mixed lesion Tall cell papillary cancer :Aggressive, rapidly growing tumor  Calcification  Cystic changes Cuboidal pale cells Crowded nuclei Cytoplasmic inclusion -intranuclear Cartoon character -ORPHANANNIE  Calcified deposits: PSAMMOMA...

                                 BLEEDING GUMS  Bleeding gums is one of the most common condition affecting oral cavity  It indicates slowly progressive disease of gum which may further involving :bone supporting teeth ,ultimately resulting in tooth loss Bleeding gums can be spontaneous or due to provocation  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS  Gums-soft ,spongy, swollen While brushing bleeding occur Bleeding can be associated with or without pain. If pain present then usually dull in nature You might experience bad odor from mouth  CAUSES : LOCAL CAUSES: Calculus Gingival trauma Recession  Overhang Abnormal frenum Frenum pull Developmental abnormality  SYSTEMIC CAUSES: Hemorrhage Platelet disorder Vitamin k deficiencies TREATMENT: Applying pressure :apply pressure with gauze pack ,soaked in ice water and directly apply to gums Local application of astringents can control /reduce blee...

  CARBAMAZIPINE Its pharmacological action similar to phenytoin Therapeutic effect in mood disorder and has anti diuretic action USE'S: Trigeminal neuralgia PHARMCOKINERTICS : ABSORPTON-Oral -slow DISTRIBUTION-75%plasma bound METABOLISM-liver EXCRETION-urine ADVERSE EFFECTS : Dizziness Sedation Vomiting  Rash INTERACTION: Decreased efficacy of oral contraceptive  Important note : Its important to recognize and manage phenytoin induced gum hypertrophy.